Definition

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex. It affects more than 5 million couples in the US alone, and many times more in the world, due to ignorance of treatments, only 10% seek the help of a professional specialist. In fact, more than 40% of a couple’s infertility is due to a male’s inability to fertilize. Diagnosis is an analytical approach, after the initial consultation and the medical history and personal information of a patient or partner have been taken. The main goal of conventional diagnosis is to find the causes of infertility, but unfortunately it has a success rate of less than 1%. We will try to give you the definition of the types of male diagnosis in alphabetical order.

I. Medical history and physical exams

Before reading the definition of diagnostic types, you may want to know briefly what information is recorded in your personal file.

I. General medical history

1. Any miscarriage, previous pregnancies and abortions.

2. Any ectopic pregnancy

3. Any previous surgery

4. Already on TRH?

5. Use of conceptual method, type of use

6. Any chronic reproductive pain, including STDs. Urinary tract infection and chronic diseases.

7. Medications you are taking now

8. Any medication from your mother during pregnancy to rule out infertility caused by a birth defect.

9. Your lifestyle.

II. Physical exam

a) Related to the testicles, including injuries, diseases of the testicles in infancy and abnormalities at birth

b) Age of puberty

c) Number of previous sexual partners

d) Question related to ejaculation and impotence

e) Do you have children with other women?

f) Have you ever contacted and treated with sexually transmitted diseases?

g) Hot bath

h) Smoking and drug abuse

i) Exposing to radiation

j) workplace hazard

k) Medications can influence your sexual organs.

l) Another general examination according to your specialist (herbalist or others)

III. Diagnosis of male infertility

1. Acrosome reaction test

After the sample is taken, your fertility specialist examines the acrosomal reaction of your sperm to see how your sperm penetrate the female egg, how the enzymes (acrosome and then acrosin released from the sperm head) in the sperm act to through the hard layer of the ovules and they are fertilized.

2. Antisperm antibody

An antisperm antibody test defined as a test to look for abnormal function of immune system antibodies that fight male sperm in blood, vaginal fluids, or semen. With a substance added to the sperm sample, the test will tell whether the sperm is affected by immune system proteins or not.

3. Biochemical analysis

The study of chemicals and vital processes occur in the male testicle such as the concentration of white blood cells, the level of fructose in the semen and the volume, pH and liquefaction time of the ejaculate.

4. Computer-aided semen analysis

The sperm sample is scanned in the computer’s prestorage program to show how the quality, quantity, shape and movement of the sperm. Since any small change in the computer can produce a significant change in the sperm count, any abnormal sperm count must be confirmed by a manual count.

5. Hemizone assay

The hemizone test is the test to compare the male sperm sample with the fertilized male sperm by dividing the normal and mature ovum into two halves. Half are tested with a sperm sample and the other half are tested with fertilized male sperm.

6. Hormonal evaluation

Hormonal screening is a test to measure the levels of certain hormones produced by your body, such as the levels of FSH and testosterone, which are directly involved in the production of sperm. The test will only be used if the semen from the sperm analysis comes back with low sperm density or if your specialist suspects that hormonal imbalance is the cause of infertility.

7. Test of binding to the human zona pellucida

The tests help examine how sperm bind to the outer layer of the egg, including the hemizone test.

8. Hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST)

The hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) is the test used to identify the integrity of the sperm membrane structure by examining how the sperm tails react to special sugar and salt. Only healthy sperm can react in this circumstance.

9. Penis trak

Penis trak is the 90 minute test to check sperm movement through a nice normal mucus in the test tube.

10. Peroxidase staining

It is a test to check for infection by differentiating white blood cells from immature sperm.

11.Cervical / Postcoital Mucus Test

It is a test to see how friendly the cervical mucus is towards sperm invasion a few days before and after ovulation. The result can be determined later

a) Sperm from the male partner with cervical mucus from the female partner

b) Male partner’s semen with healthy mucus

c) known healthy sperm with mucus from the female partner

d) Known healthy sperm with known healthy muscle

12. Sperm penetration test (hamster test)

The sperm penetration test is only necessary if the normal semen test cannot determine the penetration ability of the sperm, then hamster eggs with the extractor membrane are used instead of female eggs due to their structural similarity to eggs humans.

13. Sperm-ubiquitin marker immunoassay (SUTI)

The ubiquitin-sperm tag immunoassay ignores other attributes of sperm and focuses solely on sperm ubiquitin because ubiquitin is considered a universal marker of any sperm abnormality, including damage and defective sperm, reducing some unnecessary treatments.

14. Semen analysis

A semen analysis is usually the first test for all men for infertility, it helps measure the amount of semen a man produces and determines the quantity and quality of sperm, such as size and shape. movement and PH level in the sample.

a) sperm in normal form

Ovarian head, single tail with intact and uncoiled midsection.

b) Abnormal heads

Sperm head if it is too big or too small and it is not the head of the ovary.

c) Abnormal tails

Coil, broken tail, bent and not a single tail.

d) Immature genetic cells

Since white blood cells and white blood cells have a very similar appearance and structure, it is the responsibility of the specialist to ensure that the present are immature white blood cells and not white blood cells.

e) Vital staining

It is the analysis to see the percentage of dead sperm compared to that of lice.

f) Urinalysis

It is to make sure that infertility is not caused by retrograde rejaculation and that the urinary tract is not infected.

15. Scrotal ultrasound

Scotal ultrasound is used to evaluate testicular disorder and surrounding organs, including the prostate gland, epididymis, an absent or undescended testicle, and any abnormalities of the testicle.

16. Testicular biopsy

A small sample is taken and the ability of the sperm-producing cells to produce normal cells is tested. This test is necessary if it is determined that male infertility has no sperm in the semen, normal sexual hormone levels, and abnormal sperm of unknown cause. The risk of the test can cause damage to the testicles.

17. Vasography

Vasography is a radiographic study of the vas deferens. It helps to determine if the vas deferens is blocked or not and the reason for the blockage.